Shape memory alloy

Shape memory alloy

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The three main types of shape memory alloys are the copper-zinc-aluminum-nickel, copper-aluminium-nickel, and nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys but SMA's can also be used by alloying zinc, copper, gold, and iron. NiTi alloys are generally more expensive and change from austenite to martensite upon cooling; Mf is the temperature at which the transition to Martensite is finished during cooling. Accordingly, during heating As and Af are the temperatures at which the transformation from Martensite to Austenite starts and finishes. Repeated use of the shape memory effect may lead to a shift of the characteristic transformation temperatures (this effect is known as functional fatigue, as it is closely related with a change of microstructural and functional properties of the material).
The transition from the martensite phase to the austenite phase is only dependent on temperature and stress, not time, as most phase changes are, as there is no diffusion involved. Similarly, the austenite structure gets its name from steel alloys of a similar structure. It is the reversible diffusionless transition between these two phases that allow the special properties to arise. While martensite can be formed from austenite by rapidly cooling carbon-steel, this process is not reversible, so steel does not have shape memory properties.
In this figure, (T) represents the martensite fraction. The difference between the heating transition and the cooling transition give rise to the shape of the curve depends on the material properties of the shape memory alloy, such as the alloying and work hardening
One-way vs. two-way shape memory
Shape memory alloys have different shape memory effects. Two common effects are one-way and two-way shape memory. A schematic of the effects is shown below.
In the figure above, the procedures are very similar: starting from martensite (a), adding a reversible deformation for the one-way effect or severe deformation with an irreversible amount for the two-way (b), heating the sample (c) and cooling it again (d).
One way memory effect
When a shape memory alloy is in its cold state (below As), the metal can be bent or stretched and will hold those shapes until heated above the transition temperature. Upon heating, the shape changes to its original. When the metal cools again it will remain in the hot shape, until deformed again.
With the one-way effect, cooling from high temperatures does not cause a macroscopic shape change. A deformation is necessary to create the low-temperature shape. On heating, transformation starts at As and is completed at Af (typically 2 to 20 C or hotter, depending on the alloy or the loading conditions). As is determined by the alloy type and composition. It can be varied between 150 C and 200 C.
Two way memory effect
The two-way shape memory effect is the effect that the material remembers two different shapes: one at low temperatures, and one at the high temperature shape. A material that shows a shape memory effect during both heating and cooling is called two-way shape memory. This can also be obtained without the application of an external force (intrinsic two-way effect). The reason the material behaves so differently in these situations lies in training. Training implies that a shape memory can "learn" to behave in a certain way. Under normal circumstances, a shape memory alloy "remembers" its high-temperature shape, but upon heating to recover the high-temperature shape, immediately "forgets" the low-temperature shape. However, it can be "trained" to "remember" to leave some reminders of the deformed low-temperature condition in the high-temperature phases. There are several ways of doing this. A shaped, trained object heated beyond a certain point will lose the two way memory effect, this is known as "amnesia".
Pseudo-elasticity
One of the commercial uses of shape memory alloy involves using the pseudo-elastic properties of the metal during the high temperature (austenitic) phase. The frames of reading glasses have been made of shape memory alloy as they can undergo large deformations in their high temperature state and then instantly revert back to their original shape when the stress is removed. This is the result of pseudoelasticity; the martensitic phase is generated by stressing the metal in the austenitic state and this martensite phase is capable of large strains. With the removal of the load, the martensite transforms back into the austenite phase and resumes its original shape.
This allows the metal to be bent, twisted and pulled, before reforming its shape when released. This means the frames of shape memory alloy glasses are claimed to be "nearly indestructible" because it appears no amount of bending results in permanent plastic deformation.
Transition temperature
The martensite start temperature of shape memory alloys at which they function is dependent on a number of factors including alloy chemistry. Shape memory alloys with transformation temperatures in the range of 60-1450 K have been made. Zarinejad and co-workers have recently shown that the martensite start temperature increases with the decrease of the valence electron density (concentration) of these alloys.
History
The first reported steps towards the discovery of the shape memory effect were taken in the 1930s. According to Otsuka and Wayman (1998), A. lander discovered the pseudoelastic behavior of the Au-Cd alloy in 1932. Greninger & Mooradian (1938) observed the formation and disappearance of a martensitic phase by decreasing and increasing the temperature of a Cu-Zn alloy. The basic phenomenon of the memory effect governed by the thermoelastic behavior of the martensite phase was widely reported a decade later by Kurdjumov & Khandros (1949) and also by Chang & Read (1951).
The nickel-titanium alloys were first developed in 19621963 by the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory and commercialized under the trade name Nitinol (an acronym for Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratories). Their remarkable properties were discovered by accident. A sample that was bent out of shape many times was presented at a laboratory management meeting. One of the associate technical directors, Dr. David S. Muzzey, decided to see what would happen if the sample was subjected to heat and held his pipe lighter underneath it. To everyone's amazement the sample stretched back to its original shape.
There is another type of S.M.A., called a ferromagnetic shape memory alloy (FSMA), that changes shape under strong magnetic fields. These materials are of particular interest as the magnetic response tends to be faster and more efficient than temperature-induced responses.
Metal alloys are not the only thermally-responsive materials; shape memory polymers have also been developed, and became commercially available in the late 1990s.
Crystal structures
Many metals have several different crystal structures at the same composition, but most metals do not show this shape memory effect. The special property that allows shape memory alloys to revert to their original shape after heating is that their crystal transformation is fully reversible. In most crystal transformations, the atoms in the structure will travel through the metal by diffusion, changing the composition locally, even though the metal as a whole is made of the same atoms. A reversible transformation does not involve this diffusion of atoms, instead all the atoms shift at the same time to form a new structure, much in the way a parallelogram can be made out of a square by pushing on two opposing sides. At different temperatures, different structures are preferred and when the structure is cooled through the transition temperature, the martensitic structure forms from the austenitic phase.
Manufacture
Shape memory alloys are typically made by casting, using vacuum arc melting or induction melting. These are specialist techniques used to keep impurities in the alloy to a minimum and ensure the metals are well mixed. The ingot is then hot rolled into longer sections and then drawn to turn it into wire.The way in which the alloys are "trained" depends on the properties
wanted. The "training" dictates the shape that the alloy will remember when it is heated. This occurs by heating the alloy so that the dislocations re-order into stable positions, but not so hot that the material recrystallizes. They are heated to between 400 C and 500 C for 30 minutes. Typical variables for some alloys are 500 C and for more than 5 minutes.
They are then shaped while hot and are cooled rapidly by quenching in water or by cooling with air.
Properties
The copper-based and Ni Ti (nickel and titanium)-based shape memory alloys are considered to be engineering materials. These compositions can be manufactured to almost any shape and size.
The yield strength of shape memory alloys is lower than that of conventional steel, but some compositions have a higher yield strength than plastic or aluminum. The yield stress for Ni Ti can reach 500 MPa. The high cost of the metal itself and the processing requirements make it difficult and expensive to implement SMAs into a design. As a result, these materials are used in applications where the super elastic properties or the shape memory effect can be exploited. The most common application is in actuation.
One of the advantages to using shape memory alloys is the high level of recoverable plastic strain that can be induced. The maximum recoverable strain these materials can hold without permanent damage is up to 8% for some alloys. This compares with a maximum strain 0.5% for conventional steels.
Applications
Industrial
Aircraft
See also: Aircraft
Boeing, General Electric Aircraft Engines, Goodrich Corporation, NASA, and All Nippon Airways developed the Variable Geometry Chevron using shape memory alloy that reduces aircraft's engine noise. All of Boeing's new aircraft will be equipped with this new technology.
Piping
See also: Piping
The first consumer commercial application for the material was as a shape memory coupling for piping, e.g. oil line pipes for industrial applications, water pipes and similar types of piping for consumer/commercial applications. The late 1980s saw the commercial introduction of Nitinol as an enabling technology in a number of minimally invasive endovascular medical applications. While more costly than stainless steel, the self expanding properties of Nitinol alloys manufactured to BTR (Body Temperature Response), have provided an attractive alternative to balloon expandable devices. On average, 50% of all peripheral vascular stents currently available on the worldwide market are manufactured with Nitinol.
Robotics
See also: Robotics
There have also been limited studies on using these materials in robotics (such as "Roboterfrau Lara"), as they make it possible to create very light robots. Weak points of the technology are energy inefficiency, slow response times, and large hysteresis.
Nitinol wire is also used in robotics (e.g. the hobbyist robot Stiquito) and in a few magic tricks, particularly those involving heat and shapeshifting.
Medicine
Optometry
Eyeglass frames made from titanium-containing SMAs are marketed under the trademarks Flexon and TITANflex. These frames are usually made out of shape memory alloys that have their transition temperature set below the expected room temperature. This allows the frames to undergo large deformation under stress, yet regain their intended shape once the metal is unloaded again. The very large apparently elastic strains are due to the stress-induced martensitic effect, where the crystal structure can transform under loading, allowing the shape to change temporarily under load. This means that eyeglasses made of shape memory alloys are more robust against being accidentally damaged.
Orthopaedic surgery
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Memory metal has been utilised in orthopaedic surgery as a fixation device for osteotomies, typically around the foot and ankle. The device, usually a staple, is stored in a refrigerator in its malleable form and is implanted into pre-drilled holes in the bone across an osteotomy. As the staple warms it returns to its non-malleable state and compresses the bony surfaces together to promote union of the osteotomy.
Dentistry
The range of applications for SMAs has grown over the years, a major area of development being medicine. One example is the prevalence of dental braces using SMA technology to exert constant tooth-moving forces on the teeth; the nitinol archwire was developed in 1972 by orthodontist George Andreasen. This revolutionized clinical orthodontics and has also had an effect on fiber optic development. Andreasen's alloy has a patterned shape memory, expanding and contracting within given temperature ranges because of its geometric programming.
Harmeet D. Walia later utilized the alloy in the manufacture of root canal files for endodontics.
Materials
Alloys of metals having the memory effect at different temperatures and at different percentages of its solid solution contents.
Ag-Cd 44/49 at.% Cd
Au-Cd 46.5/50 at.% Cd
Cu-Al-Ni 14/14.5 wt.% Al and 3/4.5 wt.% Ni
Cu-Sn approx. 15 at.% Sn
Cu-Zn 38.5/41.5 wt.% Zn
Cu-Zn-X (X = Si, Al, Sn)
Fe-Pt approx. 25 at.% Pt
Mn-Cu 5/35 at.% Cu
Fe-Mn-Si
Pt alloys
Co-Ni-Al
Co-Ni-Ga
Ni-Fe-Ga
Ti-Pd in various concentrations
Ni-Ti (~55% Ni)
Ni-Mn-Ga
References
^ Shape Memory Materials, K Otsuka, CM Wayman, Cambridge University Press, 1998, http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam034/97036119.pdf
^ Martensitic Transformations and the Shape Memory Effect in Ti50Ni10Au40 and Ti50Au50 Alloys, SK WU AND CM WAYMAN, METALLOGRAPHY 20:359-376 (1987)
^ INFLUENCE OF WORK HARDENING AND HEAT TREATMENT ON THE SUBSTRUCTURE AND DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF TiNi SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS, P FILTP and K MAZANEC, Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia, Vol. 32. No. 9, pp. 1375-1380. 1995
^ http://www-personal.umich.edu/~btrease/share/SMA-Shape-Training-Tutorial.pdf
^ Kauffman, George, and Isaac Mayo. "Memory Metal." Chem Matters Oct. 1993: 4-7.
^ http://www.wolaa.org/files/Nitinol_Oral_History.pdf, Oral history by William J. Buehler
^ http://www.lararobot.de
^ New York Times obituary of Dr. Andreasen
Further reading
Duerig, TW, KN Melton, D Stckel and CM Wayman. "Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory alloys". ISBN 0-7506-1009-3. London: Butterworth Heinemann, 1990.
K. Shimizu and T. Tadaki, Shape Memory Alloys, H. Funakubo, Ed., Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1987
External links
Shape Memory Alloys and Their Applications - Introductory information on Shape Memory Alloys
Nitinol Technical Information (from Johnson Matthey, Inc.)
BBC report on medical applications of Nitinol
SFB 459: A German Research Center for Shape Memory Alloys
SMAterial.com - phenomena, crystallography, model, simulation and applications of SMA - Has .gif animations demonstrating the effect.
Texas A&M University's Shape Memory Alloy Research Team - SMA overview, publications, etc.
Institute of Physics, ASCR - Research Projects, publications, events & conferences, functional materials
Berkeley - Bioeng/ME C117 Structural Aspects of Biomaterials - Video Lecture: Dr. Scott Robertson, Stents: Fatigue and Fracture, LBL - Material properties of Nitinol stents
Berkeley - Bioeng/ME C117 Structural Aspects of Biomaterials - Video Lecture: Dr. Alan Pelton, Stent Design, Nitinol Device Company (NDC) - Material properties of Nitinol stents
SMST Proceedings
some patents and publications to memory alloys (German)
Categories: Alloys | Smart materials | MetallurgyHidden categories: Technology articles needing expert attention | Engineering articles needing expert attention | Articles needing expert attention from February 2009 | All articles needing expert attention | Medicine articles needing expert attention

http://www.chinahhmetal.com/products_info/Shape-Memory-Alloy-Product-Nitinol-Wire-287993.html

Various Uses Of Titanium By Different Industries

Various Uses Of Titanium By Different Industries

Titanium has been used in many industries because of its various purposes. The use of titanium and its alloys were limited by the mid of 20th century, but titanium and its alloys is being used widely nowadays. There are many applications of titanium alloys in various industries. Titanium is used in aerospace industries because of its durability and high resistance to heat.

Titanium 6al-4v is easily available and is greatly used by many industries. The use of titanium 6al-4v is used because of the benefits. It provides so much of strength and is resistant to corrosion. The properties of titanium 6al-4v is quite similar to the properties of steel, but the quality of the titanium is much high. Being light, strong and durable makes titanium preferred by many industries. Titanium alloys has been used widely in making airplanes and its engine components. High temperature components, jet pipes and many other components are made with titanium alloys. It is being used to make components which have to tolerate high temperature of up to 400-500 Celsius. Titanium allows manufacturing products which are light yet very strong and durable.

Titanium has a property to undergo bonding by diffusion. Two pieces of titanium can be used to make one titanium piece under high temperature and pressure.Listed below are some benefits of titanium 6al-4v:

It is very light yet very strong.
The strength of the alloy is retained even at high temperature.
High melting point.
Can bond through diffusion.
It is resistant to corrosion.
Titanium 6al-4v or the grade 5 titanium can be used for various purposes. Grade 5 titanium is formed as an alloy of titanium, aluminium and vanadium and has a much more strength than grade 2 titanium. Though grade 5 titanium is quite expensive, but is preferred due to its many benefits. Titanium sheets are much stronger than steel sheets, about 30%. Titanium being very strong has the tendency to bear the weight of all the passengers. Titanium and aluminium has almost same weight but most of the time preferred over aluminium due to greater strength. Industries can use titanium and change its shape according to their need by titanium forging. Forging of titanium will extend the strength of titanium to a much higher level. You can look for grade 5 titanium sheets over the internet and carry out titanium forging to shape up the titanium in the shape you want. Titanium is also used with aluminium to make sports cars because of its high strength and light weight.

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Titanium: The Medical Metal of Choice

Titanium: The Medical Metal of Choice

The list of titanium benefits is lengthy. This makes it incredibly useful for a number of different industries, including the automotive, aerospace and architectural worlds. But because titanium resists corrosion, is biocompatible and has an innate ability to join with human bone, it has become a staple of the medical field, as well. From surgical titanium instruments to titanium rods, pins and plates, medical and dental titanium has truly become the fundamental material used in medicine.


Medical Grade Titanium

Titanium 6AL4V and 6AL4V ELI, alloys made of 6% Aluminum and 4% Vanadium, are the most common types of titanium used in medicine. Because of its harmonizing factor with the human body, these titanium alloys are popularly used in medical procedures, as well as in body piercings. Also known as Gr. 5 and Gr. 23, these are some of the most familiar and readily available types of titanium in the US, with a number of distributors specializing in these specific grades.

Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-4V ELI offer greater fracture-resistance when used in dental implants. The implant procedure begins with the insertion of a titanium screw into the jaw. The screw resembles and acts like the root of the tooth. After an allotted amount of time has passed for the bone to have grown into the medical grade titanium screw, a fake tooth is connected to the implant.


Benefits of Medical Titanium

Strong
Lightweight
Corrosion Resistant
Cost-efficient
Non-toxic
Biocompatible (non-toxic AND not rejected by the body)
Long-lasting
Non-ferromagnetic
Osseointegrated (the joining of bone with artificial implant)
Long range availability
Flexibility and elasticity rivals that of human bone
Two of the greatest benefits of titanium are its high strength-to-weight ratio and its corrosion resistance. Couple this with its non-toxic state and its ability to fight all corrosion from bodily fluids and it’s no wonder titanium has become the metal of choice within the field of medicine.

Titanium is also incredibly durable and long-lasting. When titanium cages, rods, plates and pins are inserted into the body, they can last for upwards of 20 years. And dental titanium, such as titanium posts and implants, can last even longer.

Another benefit to titanium for use in medicine is its non-ferromagnetic property, which allows patients with titanium implants to be safely examined with MRIs and NMRIs.

Osseointegration is a unique phenomenon where your body’s natural bone and tissue actually bond to the artificial implant. This firmly anchors the titanium dental or medical implant into place. Titanium is one of the only metals that allows for this integration.
Uses of Medical Titanium

Most all of us know someone who has required surgery to replace a failing hip socket, shoulder joint or severely broken bone. It’s very likely medical grade titanium was the material of choice for the surgeons when reconstructing these parts of the body. As evidenced in the previous section, natural titanium properties make it a perfect alloy to be used within the body.

Medical grade titanium is used in producing:

Pins
Bone plates
Screws
Bars
Rods
Wires
Posts
Expandable rib cages
Spinal fusion cages
Finger and toe replacements
Maxio-facial prosthetics
Some of the most common uses for titanium are in hip and knee replacement surgeries. It is also used to replace shoulder and elbow joints and to protect the vertebrae following complicated and invasive back surgery. Titanium pegs are used to attach false eyes and ears and titanium heart valves are even competing with regular tissue valves.


Surgical Titanium Instruments

There are a number of characteristics that make titanium the perfect choice for surgical instrumentation:

It’s harder than some steel, yet lighter in weight.
It is bacteria resistant.
Again, it can be used in conjunction with instruments emitting radiation.
Titanium is incredibly durable, giving instruments greater longevity.
Because of these great properties, it is used to create a number of titanium surgical devices:

Surgical forceps
Retractors
Surgical tweezers
Suture instruments
Scissors
Needle and micro needle holders
Dental scalers
Dental elevators
Dental drills
Lasik eye surgery equipment
Laser electrodes
Vena cava clips


Dental Titanium

As mentioned earlier, titanium has the ability to fuse together with living bone. This property makes it a huge benefit in the world of dentistry. Titanium dental implants have become the most widely accepted and successfully used type of implant due to its propensity to osseointegrate. When bone forming cells attach themselves to the titanium implant, a structural and functional bridge forms between the body’s bone and the newly implanted, foreign object.

Titanium orthodontic braces are also growing in popularity. They are stronger, more secure and lighter than their steel counterparts. And of course, medical grade titanium’s biocompatibility makes its use in braces even more beneficial than its competing alloys.

Future of Bio-medical Titanium

It is expected that use within the biomedical industry will only continue to grow for titanium in the coming years.

http://www.chinahhmetal.com/products_info/Customized-GR9-3AL2-5V--Titanium-BMX-Frame-Part-285352.html

Different Types of Pipe and Tube Fittings and Their Applications

Different Types of Pipe and Tube Fittings and Their Applications

Pipe and tube fittings designed exclusively for both industrial and domestic applications are available in the market.  There are many types of fittings to cater to the specific needs of the customers. There are different types of pipe fittings and tubes and some of which are listed below.
Butt weld fittings are used in numerous industrial applications and are made from high quality stainless steel, alloy steel, copper alloy steel, carbon steel and nickel alloy among others and other non ferrous metals like monel, inconel, incoloy. These are commonly used in various industries like petrochemical and water treatment because of the corrosion resistance and high tensile strength. Butt weld fittings are available in various shapes and sizes to cater to the customers' specifications.
Made from superior quality inconel, forged fittings are available in various specifications. Known for their high thermo electrical conductivity, these are highly resistant to corrosive environment and are well suited particularly for oil rigs and under water applications.

Monel forged fittings have very high tolerance limits and are created under strict quality control for heavy duty applications in hostile conditions. These are commonly used to provide leak free connections in chemical and petrochemical industries and have very tough tolerance levels.

Industrial Pipe Fittings

Industrial Pipe Fitting as the name imply are used in a range of industrial applications including farm equipment manufacturing units, automobile, power engineering, railways, water lines and general engineering. These are manufactured in accordance with the national and international standards. There are different types of industrial pipe fittings made from stainless steel, carbon steel etc. Well, known for its sturdiness and strength, industrial pipe fittings are available in various grades as well.
Industrial Tube Fittings are used in various industries like pharmaceutical, gas fitting, refrigeration etc and are one of the most important industrial fittings. There are many tube fittings including bulk head reducer, tube cap, tube elbow and male elbow among many other types. These are made to meet the specific demands of various industries under stringent quality control measures. Industrial tube fittings are made in carbon steel, alloy steel and stainless steel in addition to a variety of materials like Monel, Nickel, Inconel, Hastalloy, Copper, Brass, Bronze, Lead, Zinc, Titanium and Tantalum- to list a few.
Online B2B market places bring together manufacturers and suppliers on a single platform. You can get all the latest information on steel tubes and fittings apart from information about sales events and exhibitions all over the world.

http://www.chinahhmetal.com/products_info/Baoji-High-Purity-Seamless-Tantalum-Tubes-Pipes-283193.html

Keeping High Qualities with Titanium Sheets

Keeping High Qualities with Titanium Sheets

If you are working with aerospace, then high – quality construction is one of the requirements. There are a variety of options available for the necessary distribution, all which allows you to get higher quality with the construction you are performing. The titanium sheet that you are looking for is one of the requirements to help you with the needed alternatives while providing you with various options for the construction that you are interested in.
The first concept to look into with the titanium sheet is based on the type of inventory that is available. The sheets usually come as a flat plate that is thinner so it can fit into the right spaces. However, there are also options such as turnings, alloys, bars and specialty metals that are able to fit together with the sheet. These allow you to create the right options for aerospace while ensuring that the dynamics remain consistent with the materials that you are using.

The titanium plate that you are using also is divided by the type of quality that you require for the construction you are performing. The quality is designed with keeping the consistency of the metals as they are made while ensuring that the thickness and other alternatives remain in - tact. The various alternatives combine with the size and other details of the plates, all which are built and defined to create alternatives with quality while ensuring that you are able to work efficiency with the materials available.

Not only do you want to look at the alternatives in quality through the titanium plate that is available. There are also a variety of standards with pricing that you can look into. The pricing is based first on the number of plates that you need as well as the size that you are going to be using. There are many areas that offer wholesale prices and extra options with discounts to ensure that you are able to get the necessary amounts of materials for the creations you have. If you are searching for construction alternatives in aerospace, then considering the different metals available can provide you with the best consistency. A metal which is known for its durability and flexibility is titanium. Finding the plates that best fit with quality, price and other alternatives allows you to find even more options with the supplies that are available.

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Finding Custom Titanium Rings

Finding Custom Titanium Rings

When it comes to jewelry, there is no better metal to use than titanium. Pendants, rings, and many other types of jewelry are often made of titanium because it is a strong and durable material. But while titanium is sturdy, it is also easy to form and shape into different patterns and shapes. This allows you to create custom titanium rings, titanium pendants, and other unique pieces of jewelry. With custom titanium rings, you are sure to have something that is unique to your style.
Titanium pendants are popular for many reasons. They can be formed into many fun and individual shapes. In addition to that, you can also choose to add different patterns and textures on the pendants to make them even more stylish. Some titanium pendants will be smaller and designed more simply in order to accessorize a certain outfit while others will be the center of the outfit, bigger in size and bolder in style.

Custom titanium rings can include any number of patterns and textures. There are also different metals that can be combined with the titanium that will make the ring itself unique. One thing to keep in mind is that different metals have different malleability, so make sure to choose the right metal for the right designs. Many custom titanium rings will include more than one metal mixed with the titanium, making it easier to create different patterns.

When it comes to jewelry, there is no better metal to use than titanium. Pendants, rings, and many other types of jewelry are often made of titanium because it is a strong and durable material. But while titanium is sturdy, it is also easy to form and shape into different patterns and shapes. This allows you to create custom titanium rings, titanium pendants, and other unique pieces of jewelry. With custom titanium rings, you are sure to have something that is unique to your style.
Titanium pendants are popular for many reasons. They can be formed into many fun and individual shapes. In addition to that, you can also choose to add different patterns and textures on the pendants to make them even more stylish. Some titanium pendants will be smaller and designed more simply in order to accessorize a certain outfit while others will be the center of the outfit, bigger in size and bolder in style.

Custom titanium rings can include any number of patterns and textures. There are also different metals that can be combined with the titanium that will make the ring itself unique. One thing to keep in mind is that different metals have different malleability, so make sure to choose the right metal for the right designs. Many custom titanium rings will include more than one metal mixed with the titanium, making it easier to create different patterns.

Platinum titanium rings are one of the more popular types of rings to see. Not only is platinum one of the stronger metals available, but it is easy to combine with titanium to create the appearance of one metal. Having the platinum will add extra durability, which is especially important if you are choosing to make custom titanium rings with intricate designs that will last longer.

Platinum titanium rings are one of the more popular types of rings to see. Not only is platinum one of the stronger metals available, but it is easy to combine with titanium to create the appearance of one metal. Having the platinum will add extra durability, which is especially important if you are choosing to make custom titanium rings with intricate designs that will last longer.

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Purchase Torsion Spring from the Most Trusted Manufacturer

Purchase Torsion Spring from the Most Trusted Manufacturer

Torsion springs serve the purpose of providing resistance to a load applied externally to the ends of the spring. Ideally the load needs to be applied in a perpendicular direction to the coil axis that also helps in winding the spring up. A torsion spring is known to function best when it is supported by a tube or rod. Some of the most common applications of torsion spring include clipboard clamps, mousetraps, car door handles and automotive springs. They are available in a variety of sizes ranging from miniature to large springs.
If you are in need of high quality torsion springs in bulk, choosing the right manufacturer is the most important thing that you need to take care of. This is to make sure that each of the product have gone through meticulous quality check and are least likely to have any kind of defects. The process of choosing the right manufacturer needs to be accomplished through steady steps and relevant information. Owing to the presence of numerous spring manufacturing companies in the market, it can be quite a difficult task to choose the right one. However, with appropriate information and a little research on the market, you can surely find the most honest and reliable torsion spring manufacturer.

Here are some significant aspects you need to consider while searching for an expert manufacturer and supplier of torsion spring:

Experience: One of the most significant factors without considering which you can never determine the credibility of a company is the level of experience they have in producing American-made springs. The more number of years a manufacturing company has been able to survive in the market, the more you can rely on their competence and dedication.
Expertise: A leading spring manufacturer must have outstanding expertise in designing and producing torsion springs in a wide range of configurations. With an aim to meet the varied demands of all types of industries they should be able to manufacture a huge variety of torsion springs with wire sizes ranging from .006" to .413". A reputed company must provide you the option to choose from a full range of sizes and materials to cater perfectly to all your torsion spring needs.
Skilled Staffs: A reliable manufacturing company must work with highly experienced, trained and skilled staffs capable of using high-end manufacturing techniques to create torsion springs that are suitable for all kinds of applications including furniture, automotive springs, hardware and electronics applications.
Reputation in the Market: It is important to conduct a thorough study of the market to know the reputation a manufacturer has earned for themselves. This is important to make sure that you are getting into business with a service provider who's reputed as being efficient, honest and reliable. They must be known to produce highly durable and functional torsion springs.
If you are a business owner in need of torsion spring or automotive spring for manufacturing purposes, it is essential that you purchase the best quality springs to keep up the quality and standard of your products. Availing torsion springs from a reliable manufacturer ensures investing in the best products.

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Advantages of Using Titanium Fasteners in Industries

Advantages of Using Titanium Fasteners in Industries

Titanium is highly corrosive element with several benefits that makes it perfect element to produce mill products like bolts, pipes, sheet, fasteners and other products. It is symbolized by Ti in chemistry and has atomic weight of 22. It is as stronger as steel and twice as of aluminum but half in weight. It is physically available in silvery grey white metallic in color and chemically it is excellent resistant to corrosion just like platinum and is one of the few element that is easily burn in pure nitrogen or in open air. Its excellent properties makes it very demandable element for several industries and that is the reason why it is used in various kinds of industries such as aerospace, paper/pulp, chemical, medical applications, architectural and consumer, marine industry etc.
The element is easily alloyed with other metals like aluminium, manganese, molybdenum and steel. The greater quantity of its production is utilized in aircraft industry because of its resistant corrosion and also helps in reducing the weight of the aircraft. The main reason of the extensive use of titanium in various industries is the oxide layer that forms on titanium alloys when combined with other metals. The products like screws and fasteners has undergo several times of scratching and as this oxide layer automatically remove after scratching, is the only reason why titanium alloy is used in making such products.

In addition the oxide layer that forms after the combination of other metals on fasteners protects it from corrosion and improves its durability and strength as well. Bolts, screws, pipes, sheets, nuts, like fasteners are widely used in sports, oil industries and petrochemical industries and as its weight is comparatively higher than steel, it can hold more weight and is suitable to use for industrial products instead of stainless steel fasteners. Additionally because of its adherence property, it is also used in race car wheels making process as because of the oxide layer forms on the titanium screws it is easily adhere to the surface after some time.
Advantages of using it in industries are:

• Maintenance free
• Stronger strength and highly corrosive resistant element
• Light in weight than steel
• Durable and sturdy
• Can withstand in high temperature
• Can combined with metals like steel, manganese, aluminium, vanadium etc to form alloy
• Because of non toxic behavior cannot harm to human's and animal's body

However the metal combined with it to form an alloy and its varying sizes makes it an expensive element. Furthermore the extraction process of this element (Kroll process) is also an expensive one that makes it expensive to cast as well. But if you want your structure as long lasting, stable and durable, it is the best option to consider.

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Benefits of Titanium Sheets

Benefits of Titanium Sheets

Titanium has been used for different applications in various industries. In the mid of 20th century the use of titanium and its alloy was limited, but nowadays it is being used widely for different purpose. As there are various metals which can be used to make sheets but when it comes to the strength, then titanium is the only metal which mostly preferable. Yet these sheets are very strong and durable and have light weight and that's why used for various purposes. However its uses increase even more when it's alloyed is mixed with other substances for special tasks like iron, aluminium, manganese, molybdenum and steel etc.
Generally this metal is used in aerospace industry because of its heat resistant and durability feature. Like other metals such as silver, gold, copper, titanium is not found in earth's crust and specially manufactured and engineered by the complex process. This is the reason why this metal was not widely used, but as now technology gets advanced, it is widely used for several purposes. Titanium is classified into different categories according to their usage and properties as well. If you compare it with steel it is 30% stronger than steel but in weight it is just half around and this makes it perfect materials used for the manufacturing of aircrafts, boats and other vehicles like sports cars and bikes.

Titanium sheets are widely used for making airplane wings because of its resistance to high temperature whereas for making air frames, turbine discs and blades, resilient material is used. In addition these are also suitable for producing watercrafts, submarines, and ships that require security and protection depends on the functions and speed. Titanium durability and strength allows it to stand against the high pressure of outer space and the corrosion that occurs in outer atmosphere is prevented by its element. And when it is alloyed with other metals, its durability improves like when it is alloyed with steel, it reduces the properties of steel and improves its own. It has great level of capacity deterioration and therefore different forms of titanium such as sheets, bars, pipes, alloy, rods, and fasteners etc.

Perhaps the metal is so impressive and plays a significant role in airspace industry. This metal is categorized in grades and grade 5 titanium is formed by an alloy of vanadium, aluminium and titanium and in comparison to grade 2, it has more strength and durable. Aluminium and titanium both has same weight but as titanium is much stronger than aluminium, it is widely used over it.

Industries can use titanium sheet in various forms and can give it any shape they want. As these sheets are produced on large scale, it safety and effectiveness depends on the quality and production level.

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Titanium Uses In Industry

Titanium Uses In Industry

Despite the fact that the commercial production of Titanium has only been possible in the last sixty years and then only by a complex and expensive process, it's unique properties have resulted in advances in technology, aviation, marine, medicine and the many other applications that we now take for granted but may not have been possible or be as efficient by using an alternative.
A promising new development known as the FFC Cambridge Process may result in producing Titanium at a lower cost than the original Kroll process that is still in use to this day.

The Properties of Titanium

Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti.

It has a silvery white metallic lustre when pure.

It is as strong as steel but is only just over half its weight and is twice as strong as aluminium.

Titanium based alloys have very high strength-to-weight ratios.

Titanium is ductile, malleable, wieldable and easily worked.

It is obtainable in a number of formats that include wire, sheet, rod, foil, granules, sponge and powder.

It has an extremely low response to magnetism.

Titanium has a very low electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity.

Titanium is highly corrosion resistant, it is impervious to seawater, chlorine and a broad range of acids, unless concentrated, and alkalis.

Titanium burns in air and is one of the very few elements to burn in Nitrogen (it makes great fireworks!)

The metal is physiologically inert and non-toxic. i.e. it has no effect on the human or animal body.

It is the ninth most plentiful element present in the Earths crust. It has been found in meteorites and detected in the sun and class M stars.

Approximately 90% of worldwide usage is in the form of Titanium alloys or Titanium compounds Titanium Applications

The Apollo 17 moon mission brought back rocks containing Titanium compounds.

Titanium Applications.

Titanium is recognized as a critical strategic metal for its' importance to the military.
During the cold war the Soviet Union, a producer of Titanium, used the metal and its' alloys as the principal material in the construction of its submarine fleet as it is impervious to seawater.
Titanium and its' alloys are used in the manufacture of armored vehicles, military aircraft including stealth planes, naval applications, ordnance and spacecraft.

Titanium Dioxide is widely used in paint, paper, plastics, toothpaste and cement for its intense whiteness, permanency, excellent covering properties and the ability to add strength to the product.

It is recognized for its ability to alloy with other metals to improve their strength durability and lightness.

Titanium alloys are an essential component in the skins of wide body aircraft, landing gear and hydraulic tubing. A Boeing 777 uses 58 tons of the metal and the Airbus A380 is projected to use 67 tons and a further 10 tons in the engines.

Heat exchangers in desalination plants rely on Titanium for its non-corrosion properties and it is even used in heater-chillers in aquariums.

It is an effective catalyst in a number of commercially important chemical processes.

Because it does not react unfavorably with the human body and has a benign
connectivity with bone that is not fully understood, Titanium is used for orthopaedic implants, artificial heart pumps, pacemakers, joint replacement and dental implants.

Its use in medicine also encompasses surgical instruments and those used in image-guided surgery and magnetic resonance imagery.

Titanium is used in some construction projects and associated applications such as the 150-foot high Yuri Gagarin memorial in Moscow, the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain and others.

The petroleum industry is a user for its off shore activities and pipe lines.

On a more mundane level, the metal and its alloys can be found in many every day consumer applications including; - tennis rackets, golf clubs, camping equipment, divers accessories, spectacle frames (also shape memory frames), food processing, sky writing, artificial gemstones, sweet and candy coatings, bicycles, computer components, sports safety helmets, watches, jewelry and many others.

There seems no limit to the future uses of this extraordinarily versatile metal, particularly if the FCC Cambridge Process successfully reduces the expense and complexity of producing the metal to add cost effectiveness to its' recognized unique properties.

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Titanium Wire (Ti Wire)

Titanium Wire (Ti Wire)

Titanium is an chemical element with the symbol Ti and an atomic number of 22. Compared to other metals, it is a lustrous and silver transition metal with low density and high corrosion resistance to sea water, aqua regia and chlorine, etc..

Titanium and Titanium alloys can be used in aerospace, military, medical, jewelry, telecommunications and other industries.

There are several grades of Titanium. Grade 1 to Grade 4 are of pure Titanium, and the other grades are of alloys. Pure Titanium is used for its high corrosion resistance, and its alloys, for their extremely high strength to weight ratio.
Titanium history
Titanium was discovered by amateur geologist William Gregor. Four years later, German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth independently discovered the new element in rutile and named it after the Titans of Greek mythology.

Pure metallic Titanium (99.9%) was first obtained in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute by heating the mixture of TiCl4 and Sodium at 700-800°C. In 1932 William Justin Kroll proved that Titanium metal could be produced by reducing Titanium Tetrachloride (TiCl4) with Calcium. Eight years later he refined this process by using Magnesium and even Sodium, which was known later as the Kroll process.

Standards for Titanium products

ASTM F: a standard for medical products
ASTM B: is a standard for industrial products
AMS & MIL: a standard for aerospace and military products

Titanium materials' grades
» Titanium materials of grade 1-4 are unalloyed and considered commercially as pure or "C.P.". Generally speaking the tensile and yield strength goes up with the number of these grades.

» Those of grade 5, also known as Ti6Al4V, Ti-6Al-4V or Ti 6-4, are the most commonly used alloys because of their special physical and chemical properties. they have a chemical composition of 6% Aluminum, 4% Vanadium, 0.25% (maximum) Iron, 0.2% (maximum) Oxygen and the rest is Titanium.

» Those of grade 7 contain 0.12% to 0.25% Palladium. The small amount of Palladium gives them improved crevice corrosion resistance at low temperatures and high pH.

» Those of grade 9 contain 3.0% Aluminum and 2.5% Vanadium. They are often used in aircraft tubing for hydraulics and in athletic equipment.

» Those of grade 12 contain 0.3% Molybdenum and 0.8% Nickel.

» Those of grade 23 contain 6% Aluminum, 4% Vanadium and 0.13% (maximum) Oxygen.
Buy Titanium Wire
Stanford Advanced Materials (SAM) supplies high quality titanium wires, including straight wire, coiled wire, and titanium welding wire. Also, we can provide you other shapes of pure titanium or titanium alloy, like Ti wire mesh, Ti tube, Ti plate, Ti rod.

SAM Titanium Wire Specifications
-Specifications for straight wire and coiled wire
Standard: ASTM B863
Materials: Gr.1, Gr.2, Gr.9
Diameters: Straight titanium wire: 1.0-5.0mm, Coiled titanium wire: 0.5-5.0mm
Surface: Pickled or Polished customized upon request

-Specifications for welding wire
Standard: AWS 5.16
Materials: ERTi-1, ERTi-2, ERTi-5, ERTi-9

Production of Titanium Wire
Our titanium wire is drawn from forged rods.  SAM operates a strict quality control process using ASTM grades of titanium to ensure no contamination.

Titanium Wire Applications
-welding wires
-MMO Wire Anodes
-racks
-glass frames,etc.

Packing and Shipping
Our titanium wires are wrapped in foam and packaged in plywood cases to ensure safe storage and transportation.

Related Products
Titanium Foil; Titanium Rod; Titanium Sheet; Titanium Strip; Titanium Tube
Other metals in Group IVB: Zirconium (Zr), Hafnium (Hf)

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Magnetic Titanium Bracelets – Versatile Designs That Keeps You Trendy and Healthy

Magnetic Titanium Bracelets – Versatile Designs That Keeps You Trendy and Healthy

Accessories such as bracelets must be versatile enough to be worn in any occasion just like titanium bracelets. Titanium is a super metal that is mainly used for aerospace and spacecraft because it's light weight and durable. It's what makes men's titanium bracelets perfect due to its luster that easily goes back after light scrubbing. It projects a look of manliness with its satin-gray finish while exuding class and versatility with its subtle, luminescent palette.
Magnetic titanium bracelet is not an ordinary accessory. It has therapeutic properties that help relieve pain and supports faster healing of injuries and other health problems. Magnet therapy is an old-age practice that is getting more popular to health and sports enthusiasts.

How Does Men's Titanium Bracelet Work

Mens titanium bracelet has magnetic properties that affect the blood flow in the wrist arteries. Magnets are believed to increase the blood's electric conductivity. Due to this increase in electrical conductivity, a soft current is created in the blood that increases its ion quantity. The ionized blood circulates through your body and improves cell oxygenation. Therefore, blood flow is more efficient. As a result, your vitality is enhanced, you heal faster and you get more fit.

Titanium bracelet men are offered online at Magnet Giant in various designs of titanium gold bracelets and titanium golf bracelets. All titanium bracelets for men are found in the magnetic mens titanium bracelets section. All designs are sporty at the same time classy and versatile. They can be worn during sports activities, parties or as an everyday accessory. Healing from pain and injury does not mean you have to sacrifice your looks. Magnetic titanium bracelets let you heal faster while keeping you fashionable at the same time.
Beauty and Durability Combined For A Healthier You

Mens titanium bracelets are a combination of durability, great looks and therapeutic properties. Titanium is a very strong metal yet offers a subtle appeal and great luster that makes it ideal for jewelries. Its neutral palette, in combination with its shine and luster makes it very interesting and light for the eyes.

Titanium bracelets are very light in weight but durable and lasts a lifetime. The silver-like satin finish of these bracelets for men makes it luminescent and appealing to the eyes. Furthermore, the longer you use it, the more you heal and the more your blood circulation is improved. This means you get healthier and your vitality is improved. You look good and feel good at the same time.

These men's bracelets are not only for fashion but also for self-help therapy. Therefore, you control how you use it, when you use it and how often you use it. You know your body better than any experts out there so you decide on your own healing.

Each magnet used in these men's bracelets is 3000 Gauss Neodymium earth magnet. For quality magnetic titanium bracelets, Magnet Giant offers the best magnetic mens titanium bracelets.

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Argex Mining transitions to development with vast titanium, vanadium deposit

Argex Mining transitions to development with vast titanium, vanadium deposit

Resource Intelligence: Your La Blache project is actually comprised of three zones and you have drilled two of them – West Hervieux and East Hervieux. These are important zones obviously, based on the historical resources you are reporting. How would you describe La Blache to an investor?

Michael Dehn: Our La Blache deposit is not only a large titanium, vanadium, iron ore and chromium project, but it's also high grade and exceptionally homogeneous. With the technology we are using to extract the titanium we believe that La Blache is going to be one of the richest deposits of its kind in the world.

RI: You're presently re-drilling these projects to confirm the resources and complete a scoping study, is that correct?

MD: Exactly right. We are doing a lot of technical
work simultaneously. Once the first few holes confirmed the style and grade of mineralization, and the preliminary metallurgical results exceeded our expectations, Argex's team moved into high speed to advance the project to a production decision.

RI: How much drilling have you done?

MD: Drilling on the La Blache Properties has now seen in excess of 116 holes. Totaling more than 9,000 metres completed in 41 holes at the West Hervieux occurrence and more than 10,500 m in 77 holes on the East Hervieux occurrence, located approximately 2 km east and 1.25 km north of the West Hervieux occurrence.

What we have learned is that mineralization continues to depth and is open below 300 metres. There are fault offsets within the zones, the zones are cut by unmineralized dykes, but mineralization within the zones is very homogeneous.

RI: And how much more do you plan to complete before you arrive at the next major leg of the journey?

MD: I think we have completed all the drilling we have to do from an exploration point of view. There may be some requirements for infill drilling that is flagged by Met-Chem in the 43-101 resource calculation, or BBA in the pit design from the scoping study, but generally I think the next drilling we will do is for condemnation of infrastructure sites on the property so we don't build on or near mineralization outside of the main zones.

RI: Can you describe these two deposits in terms of their physical dimensions and size?

MD: Both zones outcrop on surface. The West Hervieux zone is approximately 700 m long, with an average thickness of 50 m that we have comfortably drilled to a 200 m vertical depth. The East Hervieux zone is approximately 1,250 m long with an average thickness of 30 m and again, we have comfortably tested the zone to a 200 m vertical depth.

The historic resource estimate reported was by Bersimis Mining in 1964 and was 79 million tons grading 48% Fe, 20.5% TiO2, 0.19% Cr and 0.36% V2O5. Based on what we've seen so far, we should come in close to that size. The vanadium pentoxide numbers in the historic resource appear to slightly underestimate the grades we have released to date, the iron and titanium dioxide numbers are slightly higher in the historic resource, but all of the composite intervals we have released to date include internal dilution from dykes, and the historic resource did not include any dilution.

RI: You're working on a preliminary economic assessment (PEA). When can investors expect to see that?

MD: We expect to have it out at the end of the first quarter or early second quarter of 2011.

RI: Your metallurgical results have been outstanding, with recovery rates around the 90% level.

MD: I expect when we have some additional metallurgical results out that the numbers will look even better!

RI: You are building a mini-pilot plant. Where are you in that process and what will it tell you?

MD: The mini plant should be up and running by the end of January 2011. We will be running three, eight-hour shifts per day, seven days a week, with up to 14 people per shift. The results from the mini plant will demonstrate continuous operation of the process and provide us with product for customers for materials testing.
The East Hervieux Zone has been drilled to 200 metres

RI: On the other hand, you plan to begin production using modules, which cost in the area of $100 million each.

MD: We intend to build commercial plants in modules. If the scoping study delivers the positive results as we expect, I think we will see the production plant's first module construction commencing before December 2011. Each module is expected to produce 60,000 tonnes of TiO2 and we are currently planning 10 modules. But some of the size and numbers of modules will be finalized with the results of the scoping study (PEA) that BBA is preparing.

RI: You have a proprietary technology for separating these metals. How new is this? How will it improve upon existing technologies?

MD: The proprietary technology belongs to Canadian Titanium Limited, and will we have a license to use the technology. The big differences in the technology is the energy savings, and it's environmentally friendly.

RI: How does the infrastructure of the project look?

MD: The existing infrastructure is excellent. There are roads right into the property and currently we have plans to put in a new road that should save about 30 km of driving. We are about 19 km away from power and are right next to Hydro-Quebec's dam system that provides most of New York's hydroelectric power. There's plenty of water where we are also, although water requirements aren't very demanding for what we're doing.

RI: I understand that you have an exploration agreement in place with the Innu, First Nations?

MD: That's correct. The agreement we have allows us unencumbered access to explore the property and an area of 100 km as well. In exchange for that, the Innu have the right of participation in any development financing we do, which is unique. We are now working on an agreement with the Innu people that will see us into production.
Solid infrastructure: Roads lead right onto the project

RI: You raised some cash a little while back with the involvement of a number of institutions as well. How much did you raise and what do you have in the bank today?

MD: We raised $5.25 million and at the end of 2010 we still have $2 million in the bank. This burn rate is largely due to engineering. We will probably do two financings this year. One will be a small one just to get the Quebec institutions involved in the story and line them up for the capital raise that will be required for the plant development. Then we will be doing the large capital raise for the construction of the site and infrastructure. We expect to raise as much debt as possible and it should be in the range of $150 to $250 million.

RI: This clearly signals to investors that you plan on taking this into production with your team. Will you be adding other management members?

MD: Those things are underway as we speak, in terms of an operating officer. By the time the PDAC comes around we will probably have that senior operation person who is going to take over managing all the engineering firms that are involved in La Blache — environmental, metallurgical and construction resources.
RI: If I take a calculator and punch in the historic grades and resources that you've got at La Blache, including a conservative recovery rate, the value I get is in the tens of billions of dollars — largely because of the titanium content. Why wasn't this deposit mined for its titanium when first discovered?

MD: When it was first discovered titanium wasn't as rich a commodity as it is today and the technology to separate the titanium and iron from this deposit was unavailable. The titanium and iron are interwoven and no matter how fine you grind the material they continue to be interwoven. Until we went to a leaching process with hydrochloric acid there really wasn't a process out there that was feasible to use on this deposit. Our technology is much more economically efficient and environmentally friendly than any other technology being used today.

RI: Is your titanium at La Blache considered to be high-grade by today's standard?

MD: By today's standard it would be considered to be high-grade in bedrock but typically when titanium is mined it's mined as a sand more so than as a bed rock material. It's enriched up to 55 or 65 percent and sold as a feedstock. Our rock could not be sold as a feedstock and we actually do the mining and processing within one company and outside of QIT I don't think anyone is doing that on any large scale. When you see who is doing the refining and finishing steps you're going to the DuPont's of the world who take a feedstock material and clean it up and then sell it on to the pigment and paint producers.

We will be producing a high purity TiO2 unfinished product. It's not a feedstock and it's not the final base used for paint. I expect our main consumers will be using our product for paints, plastics and titanium sponge, which would go on to make titanium metal and other products.

RI: Let's talk about the titanium market. How much could you supply to the market?

MD: Our expectation is to produce about 600,000 tonnes of TiO2 per year when we hit full production which will be close to 20% of the world's production.

RI: What are the supply and demand fundamentals like for TiO2?

MD: It's expected right now that there is 5 to 6 million tonnes of TIO2 available annually around the world. That number is not really increasing along with demand. I expect to see some producers disappear and new mines are not coming on line fast enough to fuel the requirements of industry. The sand producers are typically lower cost but they also get squeezed out a lot more by chemical upgrading facilities. Consequently, there is a need for an Argex in the world who not only mines it but also makes a product that is readily useable.

Right now the manufacturers who produce the majority of the TIO2 are buying feedstock that is from mineral sands globally. Exxaro in South Africa, Iluka in Australia and Kenmare in Mozambique. The biggest producer based in Canada is QIT-Fer et Titane which is a division of Rio Tinto Zinc. They had been mining in Quebec but now they are taking their feedstock from Madagascar in Southern Africa to process in Canada. What they provide is an enriched slag product. When you go to the chemical and paint producers they are wanting to buy a very high purity material of 98 or 99 percent and there are only one or two producers producing that in bulk globally. DuPont is the largest and has typically been such a dominant player in the market that they can squeeze the feedstock suppliers as well as the pigment and paint producers on the other side. This is why, I think the world is looking for an Argex to come into the market and take away a lot of that squeezing on the bottom end and work out long-term relationships on the top end for the pigment and paint producers.
Drilling on the La Blache Properties has now seen in excess of 116 holes.

RI: So Argex will produce a high purity product that will compete with DuPont?

MD: We will probably be producing one of the purest, if not the purest, products, which supplies the chemicals industry.

RI: Compared with other metals how common is titanium in the earth's crust?

MD: Titanium is extremely common in the earth's crust much like lithium is. It's just not very common economic concentrations. Almost every rock has titanium and almost every rock has iron as well as magnesium but only certain rocks have economic concentrations of those metals.

RI: Do you have some specifics on the forecasts for titanium products?

MD: If you look at the 2010 year-end the price was around US$2,400 per tonne globally. In 2011, the forecast is close to $3,000 per tonne and the 2012 the forecast is close to $3,500 per tonne. By 2013 the forecast is about $3,850 per tonne. In 2014, the forecast is $4,300 per tonne and 2015 the forecast is about $4,800 per tonne. So you're looking at a double in the price from 2010 to 2015.

RI: Vanadium is the second most valuable portion of your product, grading somewhere from 0.2% to 0.3% over 79 million historical tonnes of ore. What is the potential gross value of this metal for Argex?

MD: In our case, the gross value for this is in excess of $250 million per year at peak capacity with a minimum mine life of 20 years.

RI: China, South Africa and Russia account for about 90% of the global supplies of vanadium with production interruptions occurring frequently. Do you see Argex as a potential supplier in the near-term and if so to whom?

MD: Our product would be a chemical grade vanadium, not just the steel grade vanadium. There are a lot of specialty plastics and specialty electronics that would be buying our vanadium. There is one processor in the US that consumes about 25 million pounds a year of vanadium at the chemical level and Nike is one of the partners of that company. I could see them, or similar companies, doing an off take with us. Any company that requires a secure supply of very clean vanadium going forward coming from a safe jurisdiction would be interested in our product.

RI: How much annually would you produce?

MD: Our expectation is about 25 million pounds vanadium at peak capacity.

RI: What do you think investors should know about Argex?

MD: The most important thing investors need to know about Argex is that we're moving very quickly toward production of two hot commodities. Once we reach that stage, our production capacity will be large and we'll generate a lot of cash flow.

I expect within a year we'll have letters of agreement in place with buyers and we'll have secured financing to build our production modules. For a company with such a low market capitalization, we're well on our way to being a major player in both the titanium and vanadium markets.

Argex is the only public company in Canada that is serious about titanium. The only other company with North American projects on the mining side is Rio Tinto. You have to recognize that titanium and vanadium industries are incredibly lucrative and with growth in both sectors, there is plenty of room for Argex Mining to create wealth for our investors.

Investor Highlights:

Stage: Transitioning from Exploration to Development Company focusing on Titianium, Vanadium and Iron
Market cap: $40 million as of 1 February 2011
Share price: up 60% in 12 months
Share price: $0.495 as of 1 February 2011
Commodity: TiO2, V2O5, Fe2O3
Production planned: 2nd half of 2012
Mine life: expected 20+years
Cash: $1.5 million as of 1 February 2011
Highlights:

Phase I test work has produced 99.8% pure TiO2
Historic deposit of 79 million tons grading 48% Fe, 20.5% TiO2, 0.19% Cr and 0.36% V2O5
Preliminary Economic Assessment is imminent and will establish project economics
Construction of production modules to commence by December 2011
Argex is the only serious junior player in the titanium sector in North America
Proprietary production process requires low energy input and low environmental impact
Production could top 600,000 tonnes TiO2 per year, close to 20% of world production

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The Screws, Bolts and Nuts

The Screws, Bolts and Nuts

The screws, bolts and nuts all are type of fasteners characterized by their shapes and sizes. These are the basic hardware items used in almost every industry where the need of fasteners arises. These fasteners have become vitally important in every industry because of the basic but important purpose that they serve. The most basic of all fasteners is likely the simple and but invaluable screw. These screws are most commonly used to hold the objects together and to position the objects. From furniture crafting and manufacturing to building constructions, these are used as an important tools just to hold everything in place. The components used in machinery and vehicle are completely dependent upon the fasteners that has ability to hold it together.
With the beginning of screws, an impressive variety of fasteners has risen and meets the needs of today's aerospace, energy, computer, medical and petroleum industries. Bolts, nuts and screws are fasteners used to mechanically connect things together. Mostly the fasteners have threads as a part of their design and similarly can be seen in nuts, bolts and screws. Primarily fasteners are produced form ferrous materials such as carbon and steel alloys and are available in copper, brass and stainless steel.

The first screw was invented by a Geek named Archimedes, to pump water in a better way. He produced a giant screw inside a hollow tube, as when turned the screw, would water draw up. The basic shape of screw was very functional and by the first century, people started producing hand- made wooden screws. The transition of the screw material from wood to metal completed the process of making fasteners as a main component in manufacturing advances. And by the 18th century, the world saw fasteners with strength and consistency of production.

Today we have reached a stage where a nut from one company, bolt from another and screws from other one can fit perfectly together. The reason behind this perfection manufacturing is the availability of these fasteners in standard and metric sizes for specific applications to fulfill the wide variety of industry needs. Huge variety of screws and other fasteners are available including tapping screws, nuts, bolts, cap screws, flat washers, pins, machine screws and locking washers and with the availability of those categories, the combination of material type and options make the total number of unique products almost in endless varieties. Easy to use, lighter and stronger are some of the obstacles that are facing by the fastener industries and managing successfully as well.

With the slowly but surely increasing demand of fasteners, new and innovative fasteners (snap and smart fasteners, new generation fasteners) are flooding the market like never before. In addition the internet has also increased the number of wholesalers in the market and also improved the sale of fasteners all over the world. The innovation in fasteners production can be simply seen yet vital fasteners are continued to be used as the precision needs of high tech industries including medicine and aerospace. The importance of fasteners can be easily imagined, with the realization that the thousands of varieties are being produced and we use on everyday basis.

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Detailed information share about titanium supplier and Ti 6al-4v

Detailed information share about titanium supplier and Ti 6al-4v

Being an industry person working for any aerospace industry or allied industries to it, medical sector, marine engineering, petroleum industry or any other offshore industries, you must be keener in searching for such a reliable and quality oriented, titanium supplier, which can deal with your specific requirements without putting the reputation of brand on stake by offering low quality industrial elements. The main method to ensure best fabrication of high quality items is to ensure the finest quality raw material and excellently built plus high tech solutions for the development of that raw into a finished and quality item. Without using state of art technology and putting things together, there is no option for building something better that can satisfy the industries, which are striving to come over the complicated levels of competition and other market challenges.
For meeting any level of challenge, the first thing that is required is achievement of stability by the industry. An industry can only be stable if it has the best of infrastructure, intelligent workforce and finest grade material resources. Once all these things are installed then the company can proceed confidently towards the fulfillment of the demand of their existing and potential clients. These types of industrial elements are being improved every day because of the development in technology. Hence, the business firms involved in this business have to grow along with the changing trends and update its level of solutions. This can be named as the key to open such a doorway of growth, which is the dream of every industry. The companies engaged in the production of metal rods, sheets, alloy forgings and castings etc. are always aware of the kind of demand they are going to witness. Hence, they can understand and meet the demand effectively.

These industries make sure that industrial products are lined up equally and let people have complete information about any of the product model they choose. These arrangements become really necessary because the choice of products should be adequate in industrial sector. A tool with inadequate specifications can lead to loads of troubles to the entire functioning of the industrial clients. For example, while purchasing any particular variant of titanium alloy say, Ti 6al-4v, then the industrial buyer would expect to get complete and reliable information about the same. Hence, the supplier firm ensures the best of solutions to that. This leads the world to a level, where nothing can be remained untouched from excellence.

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